Division of Social Sciences

Soccer joins the club

Rachel Sauer — Mon, 23 Jun 2025 20:31:24 +0000

Soccer joins the club Rachel Sauer Mon, 06/23/2025 - 14:31

Jared Bahir Browsh

The FIFA Club World Cup, being held through July at venues across the United States, highlights international collaboration and concerns that soccer schedules are too packed

On June 14, the F茅d茅ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Club World Cup kicked off with Inter Miami CF taking on Al Ahly in Miami, Florida. Although the Club World Cup was established in 2000, interruptions and changes in format led FIFA to completely reimagine the tournament as a format that mimics FIFA鈥檚 premier tournament, the World Cup.

The Club World Cup serves as an appetizer for next year鈥檚 World Cup, being held in North America, which pits national soccer federations in the largest single sport event in the world.

Jared Bahir Browsh is the Critical Sports Studies program director in the 探花视频 Department of Ethnic Studies.

There have been a number of club tournaments run by FIFA and continental and inter-continental confederations, several of which were established in the 1960s, including the FIFA Intercontinental Cup and the Champions Cup overseen by the Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF). Unlike the World Cup or other tournaments between international federations, these tournaments offer professional clubs from leagues around the world the opportunity to compete against each other.

In 1958, Brazilian Sport Confederation head Jo茫o Havelange, who later went on to be the longest-tenured president of FIFA (1974-1998), suggested organizing a regular intercontinental cup between top European and South American clubs. There had been a few other attempts to establish international club cups, one of the earliest being Copa Aldao, a tournament between Argentine and Uruguayan clubs that started in 1913.

Copa Aldao was abolished in 1955 after competing national team and club schedules made it difficult to schedule the tournament, an issue that continues to affect national, continental and international club and federation tournaments today. These conflicts have included efforts by the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) to establish a continental club tournament, which resulted in the South American Championship of Champions in 1948 and Copa de Campeones de Am茅rica, now known as CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores, in 1960.

Five years earlier, in 1955, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) began the European Champion Clubs' Cup (now the Champions League) a year after UEFA was established. The Tournoi de Paris, first hosted by the club Racing Paris in 1957, featured clubs from UEFA and CONMEBOL in a friendly tournament and prompted the creation of the FIFA Intercontinental Cup in 1960 between the champions of CONMEBOL Libertadores and the UEFA Champions League.

These tournaments were part of a larger effort to organize and expand international soccer in the 1950s and 1960s. Before this effort, the only international soccer confederation in existence was CONMEBOL, organized in 1913, with the North American Football Confederation (NAFC) and Confederaci贸n Centroamericana y del Caribe de F煤tbol (CCCF) in Central America coming only after the first World Cup, in 1930.

Growing confederation

FIFA spent most of the first half of the 20th century trying to organize international soccer. The nations of the British associations boycotted World Cup play as FIFA included the Central Powers as they reorganized in 1919 after World War I. The British associations rejoined the next decade, but left again in 1928 over disputes related to payments to players and the maintenance of traditional ideas of amateurism. The 1942 and 1946 editions of the World Cup were cancelled due to World War II, but as the premier international soccer tournament grew, so did the need to further organize international soccer. They came to an agreement in 1950, helping the World Cup to grow and emerge from the shadow of the Olympic soccer tournament.

Through the 1950s and 1960s, the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), Confederation of African Football (CAF), CONCACAF (a merging of NAFC and CCCF) and Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) joined UEFA and CONMEBOL to establish the current continental confederations. CAF, AFC and CONCACAF all founded their own Champions Leagues in the 1950s and 1960s, which were contested between top professional clubs in each confederation.

Urawa Red Diamonds fans cheer during a June 17, 2025, group stage match at the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup against Club Atletico River Plate at Lumen Field in Seattle, Washington. (Photo: SounderBruce/Wikimedia Commons)

Half of the teams in the Club World Cup qualified automatically through the confederation鈥檚 club Champions Leagues or the Copa Libertadores. In the case of Inter Miami, which is the host, the team qualified by winning the Supporters鈥� Shield, or the MLS regular-season championship, in 2024. This decision was controversial given that the L.A. Galaxy won the MLS Cup in 2024; FIFA President Gianni Infantino admitted that Miami鈥檚 soccer culture and the presence of Lionel Messi partially motivated Inter Miami鈥檚 inclusion.

The other half of the qualifying teams were selected based on their rankings in their respective confederations. LAFC won a play-in game against Club Am茅rica after Club Le贸n was disqualified due to shared ownership with fellow Liga MX team Pachuca. Out of the 32 teams in the Club World Cup, 20 are from either UEFA or CONMEBOL, with Europeans teams guaranteed 14 spots in the tournament.

Infantino knew that for this tournament to be successful and grow in popularity, he needed to financially incentivize the top teams in the top confederations to play in the Club World Cup. There is a staggered prize money framework for qualification, with top European teams such as Manchester City earning more than $38 million USD for making the tournament based on sporting and commercial criteria, whereas qualifying OFC teams were awarded $3.58 million.

Busy schedules

The confederations oversee both intra-nation club tournaments and contests between national teams within the confederation. However, despite general oversight by FIFA, there are still conflicting schedules and growing complaints about the increasing number of soccer competitions and the struggle to balance club schedules with national team obligations.

The FIFA Club World Cup exemplifies one of the issues with the ever-expanding soccer schedule: direct conflict between club and inter-nation tournaments. The United States is hosting the FIFA Club World Cup and the CONCACAF Gold Cup at the same time. Most of the matches for the Club World Cup will be held east of the Mississippi, and the Gold Cup matches are being played in the Midwest and West Coast, with no shared venues and the Los Angeles area the only location to host matches for both events.

Several teams had to choose between the two competitions, and with the U.S. Men鈥檚 National Team automatically qualified for the 2026 World Cup as one of the hosts, and the larger payout of the FIFA Club World Cup, players like Timothy Weah, Weston McKinnie and Giovanni Reyna have decided to compete on behalf of their professional clubs rather than their national team.

The Club World Cup also comes on the heels of the UEFA Nations League Finals June 8. Players like Nuno Mendes, who helped lead Portugal to the Nations League championship, will have to quickly pivot to play with Paris Saint-Germain a week later for the Club World Cup. The international club soccer schedule runs from late summer through early spring, meaning players like Mendes are forced to play multiple tournaments during what is supposed to be their offseason.

Egyptian soccer star Taher Mohamed plays for Al Ahly SC in the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup. (Photo: Fars Media Corporation/Wikimedia Commons)

A number of players have expressed concern over being overworked, with some even calling for a strike for FIFA and for club leagues to reduce the schedule; some players are being pushed to participate in more than a match a week on average.

Several players and managers have said they see the Club World Cup as a money grab by FIFA, expanding the competition schedule to encroach upon the club offseason. The MLS plays a spring-to-fall schedule, so the North American league will be forced to suspend play during the Club World Cup. But the three MLS teams鈥攖he Seattle Sounders FC, Inter Miami and LAFC鈥攄o see it as a way to compete with top professional clubs and may adjust their schedules before the next Club World Cup to fall in line with the rest of the world.

FIFA scandals

FIFA has long faced a number of scandals and bribery charges, including with partner International Sport and Leisure, which handled marketing and media rights for the soccer organization but folded in 2001 with debts of more than $200 million. This led to the cancellation of the Club World Cup that year. The organization was subsequently investigated by authorities in Switzerland and charged with fraud. Later, as a part of the 2015 FIFA corruption scandal investigation, several sports marketing executives and officials with continental football bodies were found to have bribed FIFA officials including Havelange.

The 2015 scandal was also centered on bribery and collusion related to sports marketing and media rights; the FBI and IRS uncovered impropriety among executives of CONMEBOL and CONCACAF, several marketing firms and even Nike, which was found to have spent $40 million on bribes to become the exclusive apparel company for the Brazil national team. In spite of CONCACAF鈥檚 involvement, and a year delay in the bid process due to the scandal, the combined North America bid still won the 2026 World Cup.

Although no impropriety has been alleged around the 2025 Club World Cup, FIFA is still accused of participating in a money grab, with greed overshadowing team concerns and player health. The pace of top-level soccer also has increased over the last quarter century, with more running and pressing being partially blamed for more injuries along with the ever-growing schedule. Sponsors also have been hesitant to become involved over questions related to viewership, attendance and return on investment for the revamped tournament.

To combat concerns and attract top clubs and players, FIFA has offered a $1 billion prize pool, with top-qualifying teams like Manchester City able to earn up to $125 million if they win the tournament. The amount a team like Real Madrid could earn would be on par with the prize money for making the UEFA Champions League quarterfinals, but some of that money is offset by costs including early signings or transfers to boost talent before the tournament.

Each win and draw from the group stage through the final will earn teams money, but there are also questions of where that money will go. Many players in the MLS clubs are currently petitioning the league, which owns all the clubs, for a prize-money share. The Club World Cup is not specifically mentioned in the collective bargaining agreement with the MLS Players Association, and caps on tournament compensation shares could lead to a disproportionate windfall for the league鈥攚ith players getting what they see as a share below international standards if any of the league鈥檚 teams make a run. Seattle Sounders players wore T-shirts with the message 鈥淐lub World Cup Ca$h Grab鈥� before their June 1 match, and several players have posted criticisms campaigning with the #FairShareNow hashtag.

Another shadow over the Club World Cup is international and domestic tensions related to the Trump administration. Travel bans have created concern among players, while social media posts by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), which were later deleted, hinted at the agency showing up at the first match in Miami and possibly using the soccer tournament to target undocumented immigrants. Some have blamed potential ICE presence at games for lower than expected attendance at early matches.

These concerns will fade if the tournament ends up being a success, and some of that will depend on the competition itself, which organizers hope will increase fan interest. Ultimately, seeing this many top clubs will be a fan draw, but the question is whether casual fans will be interested in the tournament in the same way as next year鈥檚 World Cup鈥攊deally snowballing toward the 2029 edition and forcing sponsors, and possibly players, to warm up to yet another major tournament in an already crowded soccer schedule.

Jared Bahir Browsh is an assistant teaching professor of critical sports studies in the 探花视频 Department of Ethnic Studies.

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The FIFA Club World Cup, being held through July at venues across the United States, highlights international collaboration and concerns that soccer schedules are too packed.

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Top image: English soccer club Chelsea celebrate after winning the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup. (Photo: Fars Media Corporation/Wikimedia Commons)

Pitching perfection

Rachel Sauer — Mon, 09 Jun 2025 20:58:56 +0000

Pitching perfection Rachel Sauer Mon, 06/09/2025 - 14:58

Jared Bahir Browsh

145 years after Lee Richmond threw the first perfect game in Major League Baseball, pitchers still pursue one of baseball鈥檚 ultimate achievements

Perfect (adj.): flawless, being entirely without fault or defect

The word 鈥減erfect鈥� is not typically associated with team sports. In bowling, you can have a perfect game of all strikes, or in gymnastics we have seen perfect scores by legendary gymnasts including Nadia Com膬neci and Mary Lou Retton. However, there are so many variables in team sports it is hard to define 鈥減erfection.鈥�

One exception is baseball, in which a pitcher can step on the mound and if, after none of 27 batters reach base by a hit, walk or error, he is considered perfect.

Jared Bahir Browsh is the Critical Sports Studies program director in the 探花视频 Department of Ethnic Studies.

The National League is in the midst of its 150th season, and in those years there have been 24 recognized perfect games, the first thrown 145 years ago by Worcester pitcher Lee Richmond on June 12, 1880. The feat was repeated by John Montgomery Ward of the Providence Grays five days later, which remains the shortest time between perfect games in Major League history. It would be 24 years before a third perfect game occurred in 1904, a year after the World Series was first played between the National League and American League, which had been formed in 1901.

When Richmond and Ward threw their perfect games, baseball looked much different. Pitchers were required to throw underhand 45 feet from the plate and batters could request the height of the pitch, with umpires determining whether the pitch was 鈥渦nfair鈥� and batters getting up to seven balls before walking, reduced from nine before 1880.

In 1893, pitching moved toward its modern form as the pitchers were required to throw from a slab 60 feet, 6 inches away from home plate, the current distance between pitchers and home plate. Still, it would take another 11 years for the next perfect game to be thrown, as young pitchers had to be trained on the standardized distance and throwing motion.

As the calendar turned to the 20th century, the American League was established as a 鈥渕ajor league鈥� in 1901 before Major League Baseball was created through the National Agreement in 1903. In the season following the first World Series in 1903, a pitcher for the defending champion Boston Americans (who changed their name to the Red Sox in 1908) threw the first perfect game in the World Series era against the Philadelphia Athletics. The pitcher, Cy Young, is considered the father of modern pitching, and in 1956 Major League Baseball began awarding the top pitcher in baseball the Cy Young Award before expanding it to the best pitcher in each league in 1967.

Before World War II, there were only three perfect games thrown, and none in the regular season, including Charlie Robertson鈥檚 1922 perfect game for the Chicago White Sox. More than 40 years later, Jim Bunning pitched a perfect game in 1964 for the Philadelphia Phillies. In between, Yankee Don Larsen threw the only perfect game in World Series history in 1956 against the Brooklyn Dodgers, beating a team that included the first Cy Young award winner, Don Newcombe.

Two more perfect games capped off the 1960s: Sandy Koufax for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1965 and Catfish Hunter for the Oakland Athletics in 1968. Hunter鈥檚 perfect game occurred in the midst of what became known as the year of the pitcher, one of the most dominant years of pitching in baseball history, when pitchers dominated with a league ERA of 2.98 (4.07 in 2024) and an average of 6.8 total runs scored per game (8.8 in 2024).

As a result of this domination, MLB lowered the pitching mound and tightened the strike zone to make it more difficult on pitchers. A higher mound allows more force as pitchers step down into the pitch, while a tighter strike zone makes it easier for hitters to take balls, induce walks and wait for better pitches. Much like the rule changes in the late 19th century, the leaders of professional baseball were concerned about the lack of hits contributing to reduced interest from fans. Sports are entertainment businesses that often adjust rules to encourage more offense and create more engaging experiences.

Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Clayton Kershaw (here pitching a July 2015 game against the New York Yankees) saw his 2014 perfect-game bid halted by an error. (Photo: Arturo Pardavila/Wikimedia Commons)

MLB wasn鈥檛 the only league to make changes to encourage more scoring: The NBA introduced the 24-second clock in 1954 after several seasons of boring, low-offense鈥攁nd thus low-scoring鈥攇ames, including a 19-18 game between the Fort Wayne Pistons and Minneapolis Lakers in 1950. College football legalized the forward pass in 1905 to encourage a faster pace of play and reduce head-on collisions, and the NHL reduced allowable goalie pad size in 2018 to encourage more goal scoring, the same year the NBA shifted rules again to limit the amount of contact defensive players can make and quicken the pace of play.

Rule changes = fewer perfect games

The lowered mound in 1969 is just one example of these rule changes that increase offense and make it harder for pitchers to achieve a perfect game. Similarly, in 1920, MLB made it illegal for pitchers to scuff the ball or use foreign substances that could affect how it moves in the air; the ball was also switched out at the first sign of wear, which allowed batters to see the ball more easily and made it more difficult for pitchers to manipulate its movement. These changes contributed to only one perfect game between 1920 and the 1956 World Series.

After the mound was lowered, there would not be another perfect game until 1981, meaning there were no perfect games in the 1970s. But in this time another rule was introduced that created another obstacle to a perfect game: the designated hitter in the American League in 1973. Historically, pitchers have been below-average hitters and often considered an easy out, so eliminating their presence in the lineup allowed for another skilled hitter to challenge perfection. The National League adopted the designated hitter in 2022.

Along with rule changes, strategy has also shifted significantly on the mound and in the batter鈥檚 box. Pitchers are pitching harder and throwing more breaking balls, which wear on the arm and lead to fewer complete games. In 1921 there were 1,827 complete games out of 3,553 total, meaning pitchers completed more than half the games they started. In 1968, out of 3,250 started games, 897 were completed (27.6%), while in 2024, of the 4,828 games started, only 28 were completed by the same pitcher (.58%). The desire to protect topline pitchers, and the increased reliance on talented relievers, has led to shorter outings for starters.

The changes in throwing style have led to a rise in strikeouts, which is a shift from the past when pitchers aimed more for contact and shorter at-bats. In 1988, there were about 5.6 strikeouts per nine innings pitched; in 2024 that number jumped to 8.6 strikeouts per nine innings pitched. This has also led to longer at-bats, raising pitch counts; in 1988, there were 136.2 total pitches per game and 3.59 per at-bat. In 2024, there were 146 pitches per game, or 3.88 pitches per at-bat.

In 1991, MLB formalized the definition of a perfect game to include only those games in which the pitcher throws at least nine innings without a batter reaching base, completes the game and wins the game. After that ruling, several games, including Harvey Haddix鈥檚 performance in 1959 when he pitched 12 perfect innings before losing in the 13th, was removed as a perfect game from the record books.

Walk, strikeout or home run

Batters have also contributed to this rise as they take more pitches and embrace the 鈥渢hree true outcomes鈥�: walk, strikeout or home run. For a long time, walks were undervalued until analytics proliferated the game, popularizing a player evaluation strategy utilized by teams like the Oakland A鈥檚 and described in Michael Lewis鈥檚 2003 book, Moneyball. The book follows the 2002 A鈥檚 as they won 103 games with a $44 million payroll鈥攎atching the win total of the Yankees, who had a payroll of more than $125 million. With more batters willing to take pitches鈥攁nd walks鈥攑itchers are forced to throw more.

Since 2012, the only perfect game was thrown by Domingo Germ谩n (here pitching a 2019 game against the Baltimore Orioles) in 2023. (Photo: Keith Allison/Wikimedia Commons)

Also encouraging this protection of pitchers is the expansion of the playoffs and MLB introducing the five-game league championship series in 1969. This happened after each league added two teams, expanding professional baseball from 20 to 24 teams and with each league split into two divisions. Previously, the team with the best record in each league won the pennant and met in the World Series.

Baseball expanded its playoffs to four teams in each league in 1995, five teams in each league in 2012 and six teams in each league in 2022. This placed less emphasis on the regular season, and managers became more protective of pitchers to ensure their availability for the playoffs, leading to shorter outings. In fact, the only two times pitchers have been pulled from a perfect game have been in the last decade: in 2016 because of a blister and in 2022 when L.A. Dodger Clayton Kershaw was removed after seven innings. Dave Roberts, the manager of the current defending champion Dodgers, was the manager for both of those games.

Although the ebbs and flows of perfect games may be attributable to changes in rules, strategy and season format, there are a number of other variables beyond any pitcher鈥檚 control. Weather conditions can dramatically alter the path to perfection. The ball travels farther during warmer months, leading to more home runs. Only five of the 24 total perfect games occurred in July or August. Lower humidity and altitude also affect the ball, as it travels farther when the air density is lower, which is why the Colorado Rockies began to place balls in a humidor to combat the high rates of home runs being hit at Coors field. Rain or wetter conditions can make it harder for a pitcher to grip the ball, and in the summer, sweat can have the same effect.

With all of these factors, there is also a significant amount of luck in achieving a perfect game. There have been 326 no-hit games pitched in Major League history, with Nolan Ryan throwing seven of those, but with no perfect games in his career. Unlike a perfect game in bowling, perfection in baseball relies on other humans, including the pitcher鈥檚 defense. Nine perfect games have been made imperfect by errors鈥攏otably, a perfect-game attempt by Jonathan Sanchez in 2009 and, most recently, Clayton Kershaw鈥檚 bid in 2014. Human error is not reserved to fielders, as umpire Jim Joyce erroneously called the 27th batter safe, ending Armando Gallaraga鈥檚 perfect game attempt on June 2, 2010. Gallaraga completed his one-hitter, or 鈥�28-out perfect game鈥� on the following at-bat.

This luck is also exemplified when we see a run of perfect games. Sanchez and Gallaraga鈥檚 flirtation with perfection occurred between 2009-2012, when there were six perfect games, with three occurring in 2012 alone (Sanchez鈥檚 and Gallaraga鈥檚 bids occurred fewer than two weeks after another perfect game). The first perfect game of 2012 was thrown by Phillip Humber, who started 51 total games in his career and finished 2012 with an ERA of 6.44, showing how just one good day can lead to baseball immortality.

Since 2012, the only perfect game was thrown by Domingo Germ谩n in 2023. Germ谩n has started seven games since his own perfect day with the Yankees.

Jared Bahir Browsh is an assistant teaching professor of critical sports studies in the 探花视频 Department of Ethnic Studies.

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145 years after Lee Richmond threw the first perfect game in Major League Baseball, pitchers still pursue one of baseball鈥檚 ultimate achievements.

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Top image: Cy Young pitching (Photo: Library of Congress)

Anthropologists awarded major early-career development support

Rachel Sauer — Fri, 30 May 2025 21:44:15 +0000

Anthropologists awarded major early-career development support Rachel Sauer Fri, 05/30/2025 - 15:44

探花视频 scholars William Taylor and Fernando Villanea have been named 2025 National Science Foundation CAREER award winners

Two University of Colorado Boulder anthropologists have been named 2025 Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award winners by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to support their research of animal domestication and genomic variation.

William Taylor, a 探花视频 assistant professor of anthropology and CU Museum of Natural History curator of archaeology, has been awarded a $419,696 grant for his research project 鈥淯nderstanding Animal Domestication and Human-Environmental Relationships.鈥� Fernando Villanea, an assistant professor of anthropology, has been awarded a $579,010 grant to study 鈥淎rchaic Hominin Genomic Variation in Modern Human Populations.鈥�

William Taylor, a 探花视频 assistant professor of anthropology and CU Museum of Natural History curator of archaeology, has been awarded a $419,696 NSF CAREER grant for his research project 鈥淯nderstanding Animal Domestication and Human-Environmental Relationships.鈥�

The NSF CAREER Program offers the foundation鈥檚 most prestigious awards in support of early-career faculty 鈥渨ho have the potential to serve as academic role models in research and education and to lead advances in the mission of their department or organization,鈥� according to the NSF. 鈥淎ctivities pursued by early-career faculty should build a firm foundation for a lifetime of leadership in integrating education and research.鈥�

鈥淔unding from this grant means my research team鈥檚 salaries will be supported for the next five years, including hiring a new post-doctoral scholar, to explore the effects of Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry in living people,鈥� Villanea says. 鈥淎 portion of the grant will also fund functional genetic experiments in collaboration with scientists at the CU Anschutz School of Medicine.鈥�

Taylor notes that this award 鈥渋s a tremendous honor and a huge step forward in our scientific investigation of the past. Ancient Mongolia was deeply intertwined with so many parts of the story of animal domestication, from dogs to horses, reindeer, and beyond. It鈥檚 exciting we will be able to start exploring that with our interdisciplinary team at CU over the years ahead.鈥�

Doing community archaeology

Taylor鈥檚 research aims to understand animal domestication and human-environmental relationships on northeast Asian prehistory through archaeology.

His NSF CAREER project will investigate rare, well-preserved archaeological and biological assemblages recovered from archaeological field research in western Mongolia鈥攊ncluding new finds from high mountain snow and ice features and excavation of stratified dry caves鈥攕panning the last four millennia and beyond.

The research will be paired with a multifaceted program of museum education and outreach, building on Taylor鈥檚 past findings, providing infrastructure for the protection of cultural resources and the cultivation of international scientific cooperation while supporting early-career scientists and expanding public education in Mongolia and the United States.

The NSF CAREER support will aid Taylor and his Mongolian partners, including the Mongolian Academy of Sciences and National Museum of Mongolia, to analyze ancient animal remains, artifacts and ecofacts with cutting-edge techniques from archaeozoology, biomolecular sciences and paleoenvironmental data from the Mongolian Altai. The research team will seek to establish data-driven models for the introduction and dispersal of domestic livestock to northeast Asia; the timing and role of Mongolian cultures in the innovation of large animal transport, including the chariot, the saddle/stirrup and reindeer riding; and the relationship of key social developments to ancient environments in the eastern Steppe.

Fernando Villanea, an assistant professor of anthropology, has been awarded a $579,010 NSF CAREER grant to study 鈥淎rchaic Hominin Genomic Variation in Modern Human Populations.鈥�

鈥淟everaging partnerships and expertise from scientists and institutions at home and abroad, this award will produce key scientific research on animal domestication and the human story,鈥� Taylor noted, adding that the CAREER award will help 鈥渢o build important educational tools and capacity for a future generation of scientists and scholars, along with strong international partnerships and scientific cooperations between Mongolia and the United States.鈥�

Archaic genetics, modern applications

Villanea鈥檚 NSF CAREER research begins with the concept that 鈥渓iving people carry archaic genetic material inherited from other hominins such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. This genetic inheritance can affect fitness and health, and its persistence and effects cannot be fully understood unless studies consider each group鈥檚 unique population history and the evolutionary processes that shaped them,鈥� he explained.

The goal of Villanea鈥檚 study is to assess the presence and evaluate the impact of archaic hominin ancestry in groups with a complex population history by applying sophisticated computational genetic techniques to existing information. Villanea and his research colleagues aim to develop educational tools, provide training opportunities for students at different educational levels and build capacity in a new generation of scientists.

This research advances knowledge of archaic ancestry in groups with complex admixture. To separate the archaic ancestry contributions from those derived from modern groups, this study analyzes the genomes of individuals that predate well-documented historic processes as well as those from modern peoples. To improve admixture models, the study creates computational tools that benefit from artificial intelligence techniques. The study examines the relationship between archaic gene variants and phenotypic traits.

Villanea鈥檚 research will focus on the Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry distribution in Indigenous American and descendant Latin American genomes, promoting understanding of the forces of evolution as they acted in Indigenous American and descendant Latin American genomes. A goal is that the knowledge gained will empower underrepresented students to access higher education in medical and STEM fields.

鈥淐omputational and statistical competency is a lower cost of entry to STEM and medical sciences than hands-on experience in laboratory techniques, and I believe that this trend is democratizing access to genomics research across all institutions,鈥� Villanea noted. 鈥淭he trend towards free access to scientific resources is exemplified by the public availability of modern and ancient genomes, and the acceptance of preprint services to remove paywalls to exciting new results and methodologies.

鈥淔or this reason, I advocate for the inclusion of computational competency in the curriculum for all students, and see an opportunity for online resources to provide an early form of access to evolutionary theory for pre-college level students that can both grow their interest in biology and improve their chances at academic development by equipping them with high-level theory they can be self-taught supplementing their school curriculum.鈥�

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探花视频 scholars William Taylor and Fernando Villanea have been named 2025 National Science Foundation CAREER award winners.

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How Wheaties became 鈥榯he breakfast of champions鈥�

Rachel Sauer — Wed, 21 May 2025 20:03:14 +0000

How Wheaties became 鈥榯he breakfast of champions鈥� Rachel Sauer Wed, 05/21/2025 - 14:03

Jared Bahir Browsh

Recently featured in Marvel blockbuster The Thunderbolts*鈥攁nd with the Thunderbolts featured on a tie-in box鈥擶heaties has been the go-to champion breakfast for 100 years and counting

The cereal that would become Wheaties was accidentally invented in 1921 when a clinician for the Washburn Crosby Company spilled wheat bran onto a hot stove. After several dozen attempts to fortify the cereal to withstand shipping, Washburn's Gold Medal Whole Wheat Flakes were released in November 1924. An employee contest led to the name Wheaties鈥攂eating out other options like Nutties鈥攁nd within a few years, promotion of the new cereal was revolutionizing product advertising.

On Christmas Eve 1926, Wheaties was featured in the first prerecorded jingle on Minneapolis radio station WCCO (named for Washburn-Crosby Company). 鈥淗ave You Tried Wheaties鈥� was sung to the tune of 鈥淛azz Baby.鈥�

Jared Bahir Browsh is the Critical Sports Studies program director in the 探花视频 Department of Ethnic Studies.

Washburn-Crosby merged with three other mills and was renamed General Mills in 1928. After General Mills debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in November of 1928, the company increased advertising for Wheaties and released the jingle nationwide.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Wheaties established what would become a long association with sports when the cereal was featured on a billboard in the stadium for the Minneapolis Millers and was the main advertiser for the minor league baseball team鈥檚 broadcasts on the now General Mills-owned WCCO. Knox Reeves, a Minnesota advertising executive, created a mock-up for a billboard in the Millers鈥� stadium featuring a box of the cereal with the tagline 鈥淭he Breakfast of Champions.鈥�

Throughout the 1930s, the cereal continued to expand its reach nationally, sponsoring sporting and cultural events on more than 100 radio stations. Wheaties鈥� closest association was with baseball, and in 1934 Yankees legend Lou Gehrig became the first athlete featured on a box of Wheaties, a tradition that continues today.

The honor of appearing on a Wheaties box was not exclusive to athletes, or men; aviator Elinor Smith was featured on the box in 1934. The following year, groundbreaking athlete Babe Didrikson, who won three medals at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics, appeared on the box. After his record-breaking four gold medal performance at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, Jesse Owens was the first African American to appear on the box.

In 1937, Wheaties held a contest for the top play-by-play announcer in the country. The winner was a sports broadcaster from Des Moines, Iowa, who recreated Chicago Cubs games through transcribed telegraphs. The broadcaster won a trip to the Cubs Spring Training in California, and while there, it was recommended that he take part in a screen test for Warner Bros. Ronald Reagan began a film career that led to pursuing a career in politics, becoming the governor of California and the 40th President of the United States.

The breakfast of champions in the world of tomorrow

Wheaties continued to set milestones in advertising when NBC featured the Brooklyn Dodgers and Cincinnati Reds in the first televised baseball game on August 29, 1939. The broadcast was a part of the World鈥檚 Fair taking place in Queens in 1939 and 1940. Although the FCC did not authorize full commercial television until July 1, 1941, the commission gave special permission for live commercials during the game that was available to the 500 television set owners in New York City. Hall of Fame broadcaster Red Barber poured Wheaties and milk or cream into a bowl, announcing, "Now that's the breakfast of champions."

In 1986, Walter Payton was the first African American featured on the front of a Wheaties box. (Photo: General Mills)

By the 1940s, Wheaties had cemented its association with sports, even earning a mention in the song 鈥淛oltin鈥� Joe DiMaggio鈥� produced by Les Brown and his orchestra in the midst of DiMaggio鈥檚 record-breaking 56-game hitting streak. As television took off after World War II, advertising costs rose, leading Wheaties to pull back from its focus on sponsorships, instead using testimonials in commercial spots to advertise the cereal鈥攁n approach that was less expensive than sponsorship, but also less effective in promoting the brand.

As Wheaties declined in visibility, General Mills turned its attention to children鈥檚 programming, a strategy that helped Cheerios become one of the top cereals after General Mills rebranded 鈥淐heerioats鈥� following Quaker Oats claiming ownership of the word 鈥渙ats.鈥�

This was not Wheaties鈥� first foray into entertainment programming; it had previously sponsored radio programs like 鈥淛ack Armstrong: All-American Boy.鈥� Jack Armstrong was the first character to appear on a Wheaties box, in 1933, preceding Lou Gehrig by a year. He was created by General Mills鈥� Vice President Samuel Chester Gale to sell Wheaties. Gale went on to create Betty Crocker and lead the Advertising Council from 1950 to 1951.

General Mills even featured a mascot, Champy the Lion, created by puppeteer Bil Baird and voiced by Thurl Ravenscroft, who also voiced another cereal spokes-feline, Tony the Tiger. Its sponsorships of children鈥檚 television shows like The Mickey Mouse Club backfired as adults began to avoid cereals associated with children, and children鈥檚 increased cereal consumption did not offset the loss of older consumers.

By the late 1950s, General Mills reinitiated Wheaties鈥� relationship with sports, hiring Olympic pole vaulter Bob Richards as its first spokesperson. Before Richards, athletes appeared on the back of the Wheaties box, but the Olympian was the first to appear on the front of the box in 1958, and athletes have remained on the front ever since.

As a part of his contract, Richards led the Wheaties Sports Federation that promoted physical fitness, Olympic sports and athletic education and published instructional books. They also advertised through sporting events again as one of the first brands to sponsor pregame and postgame shows.

Honored on the orange box

Similar to the cover of the magazine Sports Illustrated or the video game series Madden, an athlete鈥攐r, recently, superheroes鈥�being chosen to appear on a Wheaties box represented mainstream stardom. Mary Lou Retton鈥檚 iconic 1984 box was the first time a female medal winner appeared on the front, and two years later Walter Payton was the first African American to be featured on the front of the box. By the end of the 1980s, fans could pay to have a Wheaties box made with their picture.

In 1987, the Minnesota Twins were the first team to appear on a Wheaties box in 1987 after the team, from the same city in which Wheaties was created, won the World Series. In 1992, to celebrate the Chicago Bulls鈥� back-to-back championships, Wheaties produced a red and black box, the first time it broke with the iconic orange color. Bulls legend Michael Jordan was signed as a spokesperson for the cereal in 1988, appearing on the box a record 19 times, followed by Tiger Woods with 14 appearances.

In recent decades, the cereal industry has seen a dramatic decline, and Wheaties has not been immune to this downturn. With many more breakfast options, and the younger generations consuming less milk, cereal now occupies less space in the breakfast pantry. In spite of the public鈥檚 turn away from cereal toward healthier options, Wheaties remains an iconic brand, evidenced by its partnership with the blockbuster film set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Jared Bahir Browsh is an assistant teaching professor of critical sports studies in the 探花视频 Department of Ethnic Studies.

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Recently featured in Marvel blockbuster The Thunderbolts*鈥攁nd with the Thunderbolts featured on a tie-in box鈥擶heaties has been the go-to champion breakfast for 100 years and counting.

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How Asian American became a racial grouping

Rachel Sauer — Tue, 20 May 2025 23:21:45 +0000

How Asian American became a racial grouping Rachel Sauer Tue, 05/20/2025 - 17:21

Jennifer Ho

And why many with Asian roots don鈥檛 identify with the term these days

For the first time, in 1990, May was officially designated as a month honoring Asian American and Pacific Islander heritage. Though the current U.S. administration recently withdrew federal recognition, the month continues to be celebrated by a wide array of people from diverse cultural backgrounds.

People from the Pacific Islands have their own distinct histories and issues, delineated in part by a specific geography. Yet when we refer to the even broader category of Asian Americans, a concept with a deep yet often unknown history, who exactly are we referring to?

There are nearly 25 million people of Asian descent who live in the United States, but the term Asian American remains shrouded by cultural misunderstanding and contested as a term among Asians themselves.

Jennifer Ho is a professor of Asian American studies in the 探花视频 Department of Ethnic Studies and director of the Center for Humanities and the Arts.

As a professor of Asian American studies, I believe it is important to understand how the label came into being.

A long history of Asian people in America

The arrival of people from Asia to the U.S. long predates the country鈥檚 founding in 1776.

After visits to modern-day America that began in the late 16th century, Filipino sailors formed 鈥� as early as 1763 鈥� what is believed to be the first Asian settlement in St. Malo, Louisiana.

But it wasn鈥檛 until the 1849 California Gold Rush that Asian immigration to the U.S.鈥�from China鈥�began on a mass scale. That was bolstered in the 1860s by Chinese laborers recruited to build the western portion of the Transcontinental Railroad.

Starting toward the end of the 19th century, Japanese immigration steadily picked up, so that by 1910 the U.S. Census records a similar number for both communities 鈥� just over 70,000. Likewise, a small number of South Asian immigrants began arriving in the early 1900s.

An exclusionary backlash

Yet after coming to the U.S. in search of economic and political opportunities, Asian laborers in America were met by a surge of white nativist hostility and violence. That reaction was codified in civil society groups and government laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.

By 1924, federal law had expanded into a virtual ban on all Asian immigration, and through the first half of the 20th century, a multitude of anti-Asian laws targeted areas including naturalization, marriage and housing, among others.

From the start, people from Asian countries in the U.S. were generally identified broadly with identifiers such as 鈥�Oriental,鈥� a common term at the time mostly for those from China, Japan and Korea.

As more Asians came to the U.S, other terms were used to denigrate and demean these new immigrants, whose physical appearance, language and cultural norms were distinctly different from their Euro-American neighbors.

鈥楢sian American鈥� and the birth of a movement

Chinese railroad workers (left to right) Wong Fook, Lee Chao and Ging Cui with a parade float in Ogden, Utah, during a 1919 parade celebrating the 50th anniversary of the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. (Photo: San Francisco Public Library)

The desire to claim America was one of the drivers for activists in the 1960s to create the concept of Asian American that we know today.

The movement began in the charged political context of anti-Vietnam War protests and the Civil Rights Movement for Black equality. Students of Asian heritage at San Francisco State University and the University of California, Berkeley were organizing for the establishment of ethnic studies classes, specifically those that centered on the histories of Asians in the U.S.

Rejecting the term 鈥渙riental鈥� as too limiting and exotic, since oriental literally means 鈥渇rom the East,鈥� the student activists wanted a term of empowerment that would include the Filipino, Chinese, Korean and Japanese students at the heart of this organizing. Graduate students Emma Gee and Yuji Ichioka came up with 鈥淎sian American鈥� as a way to bring activists under one radical organizing umbrella, forming the Asian American Political Alliance in 1968.

A contested term

Today, the Asian American label has moved beyond its activist roots. The term might literally refer to anyone who traces their lineage from the whole of the Asian continent. This could include people from South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan or Sri Lanka to parts of West Asia like Syria, Lebanon or Iran.

Yet not all people who identify as Asian actually use the words Asian American, since it is a term that flattens ethnic specificity and lumps together people with as disparate of backgrounds as Hmong or Bangladeshi, for example.

A 2023 Pew Research Center survey of self-identified Asian adults living in the U.S. revealed that only 16% of people polled said they identified as 鈥淎sian American,鈥� with a majority鈥�52%鈥�preferring ethnic Asian labels, either alone or in tandem with 鈥淎merican.鈥�

Moreover, unlike the student activists who worked together through their shared Asian American identity, the majority of people of Asian descent living in the U.S. came after the 1965 Immigration Act was passed, which ended all prior anti-Asian immigration laws. This, combined with a subsequent wave of Asian immigration from parts of Asia not represented in the past鈥�including Vietnam, Taiwan and Pakistan鈥�means that most Asian Americans alive today are either immigrants or one generation removed from immigrants.

As a largely immigrant and recently Americanized group, many Asians therefore may not relate to the struggles of an earlier history of Asians in the U.S. That may contribute to why many don鈥檛 connect with the term 鈥淎sian American.鈥� Korean immigrants, for instance, may not see their history connected with third-generation Japanese Americans, particularly when considering their homelands have been in conflict for decades.

For some, Asian American is too broad a term to capture the complexity of Asian-heritage Americans.

Indeed, Asian Americans come from over 30 countries with different languages, diverse cultures, and histories that have often been in conflict with other Asian nations. Within such a broad grouping as 鈥淎sian American,鈥� a wide range of political, socioeconomic, religious and other differences emerge that greatly complicate this racial label.

Even though the term remains contested, many Asians still see value in the concept. Much like the activists who first created the label in the 1960s, many believe it signifies a sense of solidarity and community among people who鈥�despite their many differences鈥�have been treated like outsiders to the American experience, regardless of how American their roots are.

Jennifer Ho is a professor of Asian American studies in the Department of Ethnic Studies at the University of Colorado Boulder.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

And why many with Asian roots don鈥檛 identify with the term these days.

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Top image: Children performing a traditional Korean dance to celebrate Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month. (Photo: Viorel Florescu/AP)

What is 鈥榳oke鈥�? Who knows?

Rachel Sauer — Mon, 19 May 2025 13:30:00 +0000

What is 鈥榳oke鈥�? Who knows? Rachel Sauer Mon, 05/19/2025 - 07:30

Bradley Worrell

探花视频 PhD candidate Benjamin VanDreew鈥檚 search for an answer to that question finds that Barbie is, book banning isn鈥檛, and that female Democrats are more likely than male Democrats to be seen as 鈥榳oke鈥�

Is Chick-fil-A 鈥渨oke鈥�?

Seeing that question posted on Twitter (now X.com) back in 2023 made Benjamin VanDreew ponder: Who decides what qualifies as 鈥渨oke鈥�?

鈥淚 was on Twitter, and for whatever reason, trending that day was the question: Had Chick-fil-A gone woke?鈥� says VanDreew, then an undergraduate at Utah Valley University and now a University of Colorado Boulder PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science studying American politics. 鈥淪eeing that post made me question: Is there a cohesive definition for woke? Or is it just kind of an anything-and-everything term?

探花视频 PhD candidate Benjamin VanDreew was inspired to research wokeness after seeing a post on X and wondering, "Is there a cohesive definition for woke? Or is it just kind of an anything-and-everything term?"

鈥淚 really wanted to put the term to the test, because I think having specific definitions鈥攅specially in politics, when people are throwing around buzzwords鈥攊s incredibly important,鈥� he adds.

鈥淭he term woke seems like it鈥檚 taken on a life of its own, so I don鈥檛 think anybody has felt the need to elaborate on it or explain it themselves. And if everything can just be tossed onto the pile of what the word means (definitionally), to me it makes the word have less meaning.鈥�

In the absence of any widely recognized definition for woke, VanDreew says he was inspired to investigate how average Americans determine what constitutes 鈥渨oke.鈥� To do so, he and his coauthors commissioned a polling firm to query a demographic sampling of people nationwide about their own definitions of woke by asking them to choose between a series of two lists, with each list containing one political party, one sexual orientation, one gender group, one religious group, one political figure, one historical event, one profession, one higher education institution, one political movement and one political policy.

Those responses were then coded by whether the respondents self-identified as Republican, Democrat or independent and conservative, moderate or progressive.

The authors detailed their findings in the article 鈥�What鈥檚 woke? Ordinary Americans鈥� understandings of wokeness,鈥� recently published in the journal Research and Politics.

Who (and what) made the 鈥榳oke鈥� list

Politicians who appeared on the selection lists for survey respondents to consider included President Donald Trump, President Joe Biden, Florida Gov. Ron Desantis, former congressman Matt Gaetz, Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and former Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi. Specific groups included Antifa, Black Lives Matter, the Ku Klux Klan, Moms for Liberty and the Proud Boys, while specific policies included affirmative action, book bans, pro-life, pro-choice, aid for Ukraine, aid for Israel and admitting fewer immigrants.

鈥淲e tried to pick people and things that our survey respondents would be aware of by keeping choices as modern as possible,鈥� VanDreew explains of the survey list selections.

He says forced choices resulted in some interesting decisions when survey respondents had to decide what constituted woke. For example, Ocasio-Cortez and Pelosi were deemed woke by respondents, while Biden and Schumer were not鈥攅ven though all four are Democrats who share similar politics. That鈥檚 likely because Republicans, in particular, tend to associate gender (particularly female) with wokeness, he adds.

Meanwhile, survey respondents placed Trump firmly in the anti-woke camp, but not Desantis鈥攅ven though he made crusading against woke a part of his failed presidential campaign (famously stating that his home state of Florida is 鈥渨here woke goes to die.鈥�) VanDreew says while it鈥檚 not clear why Desantis did not score higher as anti-woke, it may be that part of his messaging did not resonate with survey respondents.

Left: Protestors at a Jan. 20, 2018, march in Calgary, Canada (Photo: Joslyn MacPherson/Wikimedia Commons); right: President Donald Trump speaks during the 2022 Conservative Political Action Conference. (Photo: Hermann Tertsch and Victor Gonzalez/Wikimedia Commons)

When it came to evaluating groups and policies, respondents deemed the Civil Rights movement, Black Lives Matter, lesbians and being pro-choice as being woke, while Republicans, Proud Boys, the KKK, book bans, aid to Israel and admitting fewer immigrants were judged as being anti-woke.

鈥淲e were able to see that partisanship does show up across a lot of these things as far as, if something more associated with the Democratic Party, it鈥檚 more likely to be viewed as woke, and if it was Republican-associated it would be viewed as less woke. Also, things that are associated with feminism or LGBTQ are more likely to be considered woke, and things that are conservative related to gender and race were seen more as anti-woke,鈥� VanDreew says.

Reviewing the survey results, VanDreew says there was actually a fair amount of agreement between Republicans and Democrats on specific areas of what was deemed woke, as Democrats joined Republicans and independents in identifying certain individuals, groups and causes as woke.

鈥淲hat was different was the connotation as to whether they viewed woke as a negative or a positive. It鈥檚 an interesting thing that they agreed but also completely disagreed on certain subjects,鈥� he says.

Meanwhile, independents as a whole had much less consistent views, tracking more closely with Democrats when it comes to some considerations, while more closely aligning with Republicans on others, he adds. In particular, independents were generally in agreement with Republicans regarding gender issues, which suggests that the political right has been especially successful in reframing gender progressivism as woke, the authors state in their paper.

Other survey responses showed that those polled generally don鈥檛 generally consider the religions, careers or products/companies listed in the survey as especially woke or anti-woke鈥攚ith one major exception: Barbie.

In late 2023, around the same time respondents were surveyed, the movie Barbie debuted and was recognized for addressing gender and stereotyping issues, which may account for the fact that Barbie placed in the woke category, VanDreew says.

Today鈥檚鈥榳oke鈥� is different than yesterday鈥檚鈥榳oke鈥�

"For the sake of voters, we need politicians on both sides to do a better job about transparency when it comes to woke or other buzzwords, and what they鈥檙e platforming."

Based upon the survey results, VanDreew says there are some conclusions that can be drawn about woke. First, the term has undergone a radical transformation in recent years.

鈥淲oke is typically attributed to coming about during the Civil Rights movement, as kind of a discrete way for people to show support for the struggle. It may not have been just the word woke by itself, but it could be terms like 鈥榮tay woke,鈥欌€� he says.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 where it started, and I would say that definition stuck until more modern times, when we鈥檝e seen it take on a completely different context, which is a confusing and not well-organized context.鈥�

Second, research suggests some on the political right have co-opted the term and used it to include anything deemed politically correct, liberal or 鈥渁nti-American,鈥� VanDreew says. Despite this conceptual stretching, however, the term remains linked to social justice, he adds.

At the same time, research shows that how ordinary Americans view woke as a whole remains unclear. Given that the research paper determined there are implied meanings and associations with woke鈥攂ut not a clearly spelled-out definition鈥擵anDreew says it reinforces his belief that politicians on either side of the woke issue owe it to their constituents to explain exactly what they mean when they use the word.

鈥淔or the sake of voters, we need politicians on both sides to do a better job about transparency when it comes to woke or other buzzwords, and what they鈥檙e platforming,鈥� he says. 鈥淚 think a better understanding of the word (woke) as it鈥檚 used by people in power would only help us as a country. That was my only intention here. I didn鈥檛 come at this (topic) trying to be polarizing in any direction; I just came at it with a question and the data led to the published results.鈥�

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探花视频 PhD candidate Benjamin VanDreew鈥檚 search for an answer to that question finds that Barbie is, book banning isn鈥檛, and that female Democrats are more likely than male Democrats to be seen as 鈥榳oke.'

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Honoring the traditions of people and place

Rachel Sauer — Mon, 05 May 2025 15:59:33 +0000

Honoring the traditions of people and place Rachel Sauer Mon, 05/05/2025 - 09:59

Rachel Sauer

Newly opened exhibit at the University of Colorado Museum celebrates ceramic artist鈥檚 donation and the legacy of her family and community

A new piece of Acoma Pueblo pottery begins, in a way, with all the pottery that came before it.

Artisans finely grind shards of old pottery and mix it into clay gathered from Acoma Pueblo land, hand-forming the light yet strong vessels for which they are renowned. There are no precise measurements, no written recipes, for the clay or slip or mineral paints that come together in Acoma Pueblo pottery; 鈥測ou just know when it鈥檚 right,鈥� says artist Dolores Lewis Garcia.

Noted Acoma Pueblo ceramics artist Carmel Lewis Haskaya, a proud 探花视频 alumnus, ensured that her love for her community and its traditions would unite with her love for 探花视频 by donating one of her pieces to the University of Colorado Museum.

Lewis Garcia learned the art from her mother, Lucy M. Lewis, the famed New Mexico ceramics artist known for reviving traditional pottery techniques whose work is displayed in the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. Most of Lewis鈥� nine children learned by watching her and also became ceramic artists, including her youngest, Carmel Lewis Haskaya.

Lewis Haskaya was not only a respected ceramic artist, but a proud University of Colorado Boulder alumnus. Before her death in 2019, she ensured that her love for her community and its traditions would unite with her love for 探花视频 by donating one of her pieces to the University of Colorado Museum.

The vibrant cylindrical pot is a centerpiece of the new exhibit 鈥�A Family Tradition: Acoma pottery, CU and the Lewis family,鈥� which opened with a reception and ribbon cutting Tuesday evening.

鈥淲e are delighted to highlight and honor the important artworks that this family has shared with us,鈥� says Nancy J. Stevens, 探花视频 professor of anthropology and director of the Museum Institute. 鈥淚t represents a pivotal point for connecting communities and growing meaningful collaborations into the future.鈥�

The exhibit features pieces by Lucy Lewis and many of her children, including Forever Buff Carmel Lewis Haskaya.

鈥�(Lewis Haskaya鈥檚 cylinder jar) is not just an object or a gift,鈥� explains William Taylor, a 探花视频 assistant professor of anthropology and CU Museum curator of archaeology who partnered with the Lewis family to create the exhibit.

鈥�For many folks, creating pottery is a way to impart something of yourself in a permanent and lasting way. Having this pottery at CU means that a part of Carmel and her family will always be here in Boulder.鈥�

Learn by watching

Lewis Haskaya belonged to an artistic lineage that can be traced in centuries. For hundreds of years, Acoma Pueblo artists have gone to certain spots on their land to collect the clay, white slip, wild spinach and oxides that are the raw materials for their pottery.

鈥淏eing an Acoma potter, there鈥檚 a lot of work that goes into it,鈥� Lewis Garcia says.

鈥淓verything is gathered from the land and hand-processed,鈥� adds Claudia Mitchell, also a famed Acoma Pueblo artist and Lewis鈥� granddaughter. 鈥淚t teaches you to take your time and be present; you鈥檙e putting yourself into the work.鈥�

As a child, Lewis Haskaya learned these traditions and techniques watching her mother. When she came to 探花视频 through the American Indian Educational Opportunity Program and built a career with the Native American Rights Fund, she never forgot or outgrew her community, Mitchell says. Eventually, Lewis Haskaya returned to her community at Acoma, west of Albuquerque, New Mexico, and became an accomplished artist.

Lewis Haskaya was a student of history and art traditions from around the world and was known for creating cylinder vessels in the style of ones found at Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde and other ancient sites, adding her own touch to traditional designs.

The cylindrical vessel made by noted Acoma Pueblo artist Carmel Lewis Haskaya, which she donated to the University of Colorado Museum before her death in 2019.

鈥淪he had the hardest time grinding mineral paints,鈥� Lewis Garcia recalls with a laugh, adding that her sister eventually conquered the hurdle that many artisans using traditional techniques encounter.

Like her mother and siblings, and now her nieces and nephews, Lewis Haskaya walked Acoma land to specific spots for the gray and yellow clays, the minerals and the plants that are the foundation of traditional techniques. 鈥淭o get the white slip, it鈥檚 not in an easy place,鈥� Lewis Garcia says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 underground and there鈥檚 a big boulder on it. You have to use it sparingly.鈥�

Though it鈥檚 more common now to use kilns rather than dung fires, the process of thinning vessel walls, of burnishing with a stone, of applying the geometric patterns associated with Acoma Pueblo pottery hasn鈥檛 changed for centuries.

鈥楾he ties that bind us together鈥�

While pottery is revered as art, 鈥渋n our traditional ways, it鈥檚 a utility, it鈥檚 an item that we use,鈥� says Benny Shendo Jr., 探花视频 associate vice chancellor for Native American affairs and a member of the Jemez Pueblo Tribe. 鈥淎nd it plays a big role in our ceremonial life.鈥�

Mitchell notes that traditional pottery helps not only those who make it, but those who use it to 鈥済round ourselves to the place that we鈥檙e from; it鈥檚 that connection that we have to our land and to our people鈥攏ot only just for personal use, but for community use. It gives us that tie to one another. We鈥檙e keeping those traditions alive not only through our dance and song but through our pottery.

鈥淭hose are the ties that bind us together, that make us a people. It鈥檚 important to keep those ties, to make sure that those things鈥攖he pottery making, the dancing, the singing鈥攁ll of those are taught to our younger generations, because that helps them identify who they are and where they are. It helps give them a sense of place and sense of purpose.鈥�

鈥淚t鈥檚 part of life,鈥� says Diana Lim Garry (Anth'71), Lucy Lewis鈥� granddaughter who lives in Boulder and helped bring the exhibit to life, loaning pieces from her own collection. 鈥淓verywhere we go鈥攜ou鈥檙e walking on a hike and you鈥檙e walking along the streambed, and you鈥檙e saying, 鈥榃ould that make a good polishing stone?鈥� You go along, even (in) roadcuts there鈥檚 all these pretty colors of the minerals in the rocks: 鈥榃ould that make good paint?鈥� It鈥檚 always on your mind that this is something that鈥檚 been done for a long time and will continue to be done thanks to my aunts and my cousins.鈥�

Mitchell adds that a pottery vessel made in traditional ways allows the Acoma Pueblo people to say 鈥淚 have my piece of the rock. That鈥檚 how we identify ourselves, by place and name, that鈥檚 our place in this world, and no matter where we go in this world, we can always go back to that one place, and that鈥檚 where we belong. For our people, that鈥檚 who we are, that鈥檚 where we鈥檙e from.鈥�

"A Family Tradition: Acoma pottery, CU and the Lewis family鈥� is open to the public during regular museum hours, which are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday through Friday and 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday and Sunday.

Claudia Mitchell (left), Dolores Lewis Garcia (center) and Diana Lim Garry (right) with the vessel made by Carmel Lewis Haskaya, Lewis Garcia's sister and Mitchell's and Lim Garry's aunt; Lewis Haskaya donated the vessel to the University of Colorado Museum.

Pieces made by famed Acoma Pueblo artist Lucy M. Lewis are part of the new University of Colorado Museum exhibit "A Family Tradition: Acoma pottery, CU and the Lewis family."

Following in the footsteps of her grandmother, Lucy M. Lewis, Acoma Pueblo artist Claudia Mitchell made these pieces using traditional techniques and designs.

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Newly opened exhibit at the University of Colorado Museum celebrates ceramic artist鈥檚 donation and the legacy of her family and community.

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Top image: Carmel Lewis Haskaya enjoying the Colorado outdoors while she was a 探花视频 student (Photo: Lewis family)

探花视频 scholars recognized for innovation in PhD research

Rachel Sauer — Mon, 05 May 2025 15:23:14 +0000

探花视频 scholars recognized for innovation in PhD research Rachel Sauer Mon, 05/05/2025 - 09:23

Patrick Das and Julia Shizuyo Popham have won 2025 Mellon/ACLS Dissertation Innovation Fellowships

Two University of Colorado Boulder PhD students have won 2025 Mellon/American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) Dissertation Innovation Fellowships.

Patrick Das, a PhD student in the Department of Linguistics, and Julia Shizuyo Popham, who is pursuing her PhD in the Department of Ethnic Studies, are among 45 PhD students from across the country who are being recognized for their innovative approaches to their dissertation research in the humanities or social sciences.

探花视频 PhD students Patrick Das (left) and Julia Shizuyo Popham (right) recently won 2025 Mellon/American Council of Learned Societies Dissertation Innovation Fellowships.

The fellowships, made possible by a grant from the Mellon Foundation, recognize doctoral students 鈥渨ho show promise of leading their fields in important new directions,鈥� according to the ACLS. 鈥淭he fellowships are designed to intervene at the formative stage of dissertation development, before writing is advanced, and provide time and support for emerging scholars鈥� innovative approaches to dissertation research鈥攑ractical, trans- or interdisciplinary, collaborative, critical or methodological.

鈥淭he program seeks to expand the range of research methodologies, formats and areas of inquiry traditionally considered suitable for the dissertation, with a particular focus on supporting scholars who can build a more diverse, inclusive and equitable academy.鈥�

Das and Shizuyo Popham will receive an award of up to $52,000, consisting of a $42,000 stipend; up to $8,000 for project-related research, training, professional development and travel; and a $2,000 stipend to support external mentorship that offers new perspectives on their projects and expands their advising network.

Das is researching how geography and multilingualism shape language change in Tikhir, an endangered language of eastern Nagaland, India, near the border with Myanmar. Through spatial analysis, the project maps patterns of interaction between Tikhir and neighboring indigenous languages. Das鈥� findings offer new insights into how small languages evolve within complex multilingual ecologies.

Shizuyo Popham鈥檚 project, titled 鈥淯neasy Intimacies,鈥� interprets Japanese artist and migrant Fukunosuke Kusumi鈥檚 collection of visual art within contexts of racial disposability in the American West. By tracing Kusumi鈥檚 art through pre-World War II exclusion in Washington, interim detainment in California, indefinite incarceration in Colorado and afterlives of loss and healing, her work examines how seemingly innocuous images reveal marginalized histories, in which dispossessed subjects construct agency and even freedom via the very systems built to keep them down.

鈥淎CLS is proud to support these fellows, who are poised to conduct groundbreaking dissertation research and broaden the audience for humanistic scholarship,鈥� said Alison Chang, ACLS program officer in U.S. Programs. 鈥淭heir innovative projects not only produce new avenues of knowledge but also inspire the evolution of doctoral education across the humanities and social sciences.鈥�

鈥淭his fellowship will enable me to spend sustained time working with the Tikhir community to document their language on their terms,鈥� Das said. 鈥淚t supports a collaborative approach that values local knowledge and multilingual experience. By combining spatial methods with community insights, we can better understand how small languages like Tikhir are changing today.鈥�

Shizuyo Popham noted that last week, the ACLS joined the American Historical Association and the Modern Language Association in filing a lawsuit to reverse devastating attacks on the National Endowment for the Humanities. 鈥淪o, beyond the fellowship itself, I鈥檓 proud to be joining a community that is courageously fighting for intellectual freedom,鈥� she said.

鈥淚鈥檓 also deeply grateful to have an entire year to focus on my dissertation, which is largely about a history intertwined with mass detentions and deportations today. I鈥檝e been studying Japanese American wartime incarceration for half a decade now, and never for me has this history felt so urgent. In these times of increasing terror, I am reminded of why the humanities matter and that to critically think and write is a freedom we must fight for every day.鈥�

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Patrick Das and Julia Shizuyo Popham have won 2025 Mellon/ACLS Dissertation Innovation Fellowships.

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Trouble in the developing world? Call the IMF

Rachel Sauer — Tue, 29 Apr 2025 19:49:07 +0000

Trouble in the developing world? Call the IMF Rachel Sauer Tue, 04/29/2025 - 13:49

Bradley Worrell

In a recently published paper, 探花视频 political science Professor Jaroslav Tir highlights how intergovernmental organizations help end civil wars

There鈥檚 trouble in Africa, where a protracted civil war between government forces and rebels in the countryside threatens to undo years of hard work to raise the country鈥檚 standard of living and its prospects for future economic growth.

This is a job for the IMF.

No, not the Impossible Missions Force鈥攖he fictional U.S. covert government agency tasked with successfully completing next-to-impossible missions, as popularized by the Mission: Impossible film franchise helmed by Tom Cruise.

探花视频 researcher Jaroslav Tir, a professor of political science, studies armed conflicts and how to stop them.

The other IMF鈥攖he International Money Fund. Yes, really, that IMF.

The role the IMF, the World Bank and other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) have played in recent years to help broker peace agreements is highlighted in the research paper 鈥淐ivil War Mediation in the Shadow of IGOs: the Path to Comprehensive Peace Agreements,鈥� published earlier this year in the Journal of Peace Research, which was coauthored by Jaroslav Tir, University of Colorado Boulder Department of Political Science professor, and Johannes Karreth, a 探花视频 PhD political science major and former Tir graduate student.

Tir, whose research focus includes armed conflicts and how to stop them, recently spoke with Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine about how IGOs can help resolve conflicts by offering or denying financial incentives to governments and rebels. His responses have been lightly edited for style and condensed.

Question: How did these international government organizations get into the conflict-resolution business?

Tir: That鈥檚 a very good question, right? Because the IMF, the World Bank and various regional development banks don鈥檛 have mandates to end civil wars.

One thing we do know from the study of international organizations is that they tend to broaden their mandates. They are bureaucracies鈥攁nd bureaucracies like to grow, generally. They like more resources. They like to do things well, because if they look good, they get some more resources. So, the fact they are going beyond the original mandates is not that surprising.

The more narrow answer is that a lot of these organizations are financial, so they deal with things like development assistance. They鈥檙e trying to get these countries more economically developed, and they鈥檙e trying to get their economies functioning better to raise the standard of living for the local populations and things like that.

The bad news for all of these economic agendas are civil wars. So, for example, if the World Bank/IMF invests tens of millions of dollars or sometimes even hundreds of millions of dollars in a country, and that country then ends up in a civil war, a lot of this progress and money that鈥檚 been invested is put in jeopardy. Therefore, these organizations have a literally vested self-interest to try to see if they can do something about these civil wars in member countries, because they鈥檙e interested in protecting their investments.

Question: How does a bank enforce a peace treaty?

Tir: To clarify, these organizations do not do this (enforce treaties), and in the paper we do not claim that they directly partake in the peace process. This is not them sending in peacekeepers. Instead, this is all done through financial incentives鈥攐r denial of incentives. So, it鈥檚 carrot and stick, but it鈥檚 all financial.

General Soumaila Bakayoko, chief of Staff of the Ivorian Armed Forces, reviews the Ivorian troops during the First Ivorian Civil War in 2007. During the conflict, rebels particularly wanted access to voting rolls, notes 探花视频 researcher Jaroslav Tir. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)

To answer your question more directly, how can they, quote unquote, enforce a peace process? For example, with these conflicting parties, the rebels and the governments, working toward peace, (IGOs) will essentially commit to put X amount of money into the country to deal with issues that are usually connected to economic development, but also maybe of interest to both the rebels and the governments. So, that鈥檚 the carrot.

And it鈥檚 a bit of a double-edged sword, because the idea is IGOs will give you these resources if you honor the commitments toward making peace. However, these resources will be denied or suspended if you fail to do so. Meaning, if you鈥檙e a bad actor or you鈥檙e backpedaling or acting in malfeasant ways, there are (financial) consequences.

Question: It seems like the IGO might have an easier time incentivizing a government than a rebel group?

Tir: I think they incentivize both, but I think it is easier for them to incentivize the government because the government is a member of the organization. It鈥檚 the government of Country X, for example, that actually has a seat at the IMF/World Bank. So, the contact there is pretty direct.

For the rebels, there is not necessarily direct contact with the IGO because they never have a seat at the organization. But rebellions take place typically because rebels need or want something, and whether these things are financial or not, usually money can help them achieve this.

For instance, in the Ivory Coast during its civil war in the early 2000s, one thing that the rebels really wanted was access to voting rolls, to assure that all citizens could vote in the elections. In a way that鈥檚 a political issue, but in other ways it鈥檚 a very logistical kind of issue. And money needs to be spent to basically go through the records and see who is eligible to vote, and these administrators who are going to do this need to be paid.

Then the other thing the rebels were really interested in was that they did not have very good health care access鈥攆or example, childhood vaccines and standard stuff that has been provided for decades around the world, but the government didn鈥檛 offer it in the rebel-held areas. The rebels said, 鈥楾his is something that鈥檚 very important to us because our children are dying, and our people are getting sick. So, they said, 鈥榃e want access to vaccinations and access to health care.鈥�

The World Bank and the IMF essentially said, 鈥業f these are kinds of things that are meaningful to you, these things are good for the World Bank/IMF as well.鈥� And that makes sense, because if people are healthier, they鈥檙e more economically productive, right? So, there is your economic incentive, and once this leads to stability, stability is good for economic growth and development.

This is a way in which international organizations can incentivize rebels to come to the negotiating table. That鈥檚 the carrot for them.

Question: From reading the paper, it sounds like not all IGOs are created equal.

Tir: Definitely, they are not all created equal. But we鈥檙e not just looking at the issue of size of the IGO or how many countries belong to the IGO. We鈥檙e basically looking at a different kind of variance that occurs among international organizations, and that is how much leverage they have over member countries.

"(Syria) is a country that鈥檚 been internationally isolated for decades under the Assad regime, and part of that isolation is not having memberships in these (IGOs)," notes 探花视频 researcher Jaroslav Tir. "So, when the civil war broke out, there was not a lot of incentive-type influence from the international community that could bring the (factions) in Syria to the negotiating table." (Photo: Mahmoud Sulaiman/Unsplash)

Some organizations have very little leverage over member countries鈥攎eaning that the member countries tell the organization what to do and not the other way around. So, it鈥檚 a question of who is the boss. Is it the member country, or is it the organization that鈥檚 the boss? That鈥檚 one source of variation.

The other source is how many resources (IGOs) have. And this is very important in the context of civil wars, because the resources can then be used as carrots to basically get the governments and the rebels to work toward peace.

You have to have both: the institutional leverage that the organization can tell member countries what to do, and that has to be coupled with these material resources. So, it鈥檚 not just these organizations telling countries and rebels what to do, it鈥檚 actually incentivizing them to work toward peace.

Question: Are there cases in which IGOs are less effective in incentivizing peace? What do those look like?

Tir: One example would be Syria. This is a country that鈥檚 been internationally isolated for decades under the Assad regime, and part of that isolation is not having memberships in these (IGOs). So, when the civil war broke out, there was not a lot of incentive-type influence from the international community that could bring the (factions) in Syria to the negotiating table. 鈥�

Another example would be Uganda, which had a civil war and there鈥檚 been no peace agreement. And the reason there has been no peace agreement is the rebel group. The Lord鈥檚 Resistance Army was simply not interested in making any kinds of concessions. It seems like they鈥檙e more interested in having a rebellion than advancing any kind of policy or political objectives.

That was a case where international organizations were involved, where they observed the Ugandan government was willing to do its part, but the Lord鈥檚 Resistance Army was not serious about negotiating. So, what ended up happening there is that international organizations are just working with the Ugandan government and the LRA is cut out of the whole process.

Question: Your paper talks about IGOs in relation to comprehensive peace agreements. What, specifically, is a comprehensive peace agreement and how is it different from other types of peace agreements?

Tir: It is exactly what it sounds like: It鈥檚 a peace agreement that鈥檚 comprehensive鈥攖hat tackles a multitude of issues, whereas partial peace agreements only resolve a subset of the contentious issues.

Civil wars are very complex, with disagreements over a variety of different issues, such as police reform, access to government power, representation, access to health care and who gets to serve in the military. In some countries, military service is ethnically based, depending upon if you are a member of a certain ethnic group.

"The two big benefits of these comprehensive peace agreements are: first, because they do tackle a multitude of issues, they鈥檙e much more likely to resolve a civil war; and second, they help ensure that the resolutions the rebels and the government make actually stick."

The two big benefits of these comprehensive peace agreements are: first, because they do tackle a multitude of issues, they鈥檙e much more likely to resolve a civil war; and second, they help ensure that the resolutions the rebels and the government make actually stick, which is important, because civil wars are notorious for recidivism. Once a country has a civil war, there鈥檚 a much higher likelihood of having a civil war recurrence down the road.

As we highlighted in the article, fewer than one in five conflicts are resolved by comprehensive peace agreements. So, they鈥檙e great, but they鈥檙e rare.

Question: It sounds like CPAs, or any peace agreements, require an extended commitment of time and resources by the IGOs if they are going to be successful.

Tir: (IGOs) have to write substantial checks 鈥� and these resources need to be provided over time. They are committing themselves to be involved in a country for many years. So, it鈥檚 not just offering a carrot (financial incentive) today but also in the future. The technical term for it is shadow of the future.

Basically, the idea is: We (the government and rebels, separately) want these future resources and because we want them, that essentially makes us think twice about reneging on the peace agreement. And if we (as a party to the peace process) are in a situation where we believe the other side has an incentive to abide by the agreement, we鈥檙e likely to uphold our end as well.

It鈥檚 kind of a puzzle, a Rubik鈥檚 Cube, how the pieces of the peace process come together, and if they do, we find the chances of these agreements being reached and maintained are substantially higher.

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In a recently published paper, 探花视频 political science Professor Jaroslav Tir highlights how intergovernmental organizations help end civil wars.

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Women on trial speak clearly through their clothing

Rachel Sauer — Mon, 28 Apr 2025 21:27:03 +0000

Women on trial speak clearly through their clothing Rachel Sauer Mon, 04/28/2025 - 15:27

Collette Mace

探花视频 researcher Carla Jones finds that what Indonesian women wear in court can convey messages of piety and shame, or just the appearance of them

No matter who you are and what clothes you have on, you have probably, at some point, thought about how what you wear affects how you are seen.

Fashion is an important mode of self-expression, but it can also be a significant component of social communication. University of Colorado Boulder anthropology Professor Carla Jones鈥� recently published research focusing on fashion within the Indonesian criminal justice system illustrates how appearance can be a public and personal feature of social and political communication.

探花视频 researcher Carla Jones, a professor of anthropology, noticed that when Indonesian women were accused of corruption, they faced intense scrutiny about their appearances, both before and during their trials.

Jones鈥� interest in Indonesia started when she visited the country in college, but her youth in Southeast Asia also played a part in her sustained interest in the culture there. As an anthropologist, she says, she is interested in diversity鈥搃n which Indonesian culture and social life is rich.

She also credits her interest in learning to speak Indonesian with her total immersion there. 鈥淟earning a new language can change your life,鈥� she says. 鈥淐ultural anthropologists need to be able to ask questions and understand. You have to learn how to be an insider and an outsider at once.鈥�

In the past two decades, public political culture in Indonesia has become increasingly focused on corruption. Although Indonesia is not unusually corrupt, many of the most visible corruption trials have captivated public attention through media focus on theft of public funds.

Jones noticed that when women were accused of corruption, they faced intense scrutiny about their appearances, both before and during their trials. Jones says she noticed that female defendants in corruption cases adjusted their clothing in ways that went far beyond the public norms for the majority-Muslim country.

Modesty was a particularly compelling visual strategy. Although modest styles are increasingly popular globally (think: trad-wife trends on TikTok), the styles that accused Indonesian women adopted for trials were especially visible when they appeared in court and were very different from their styles of dress prior to their trials, Jones says.

Many women, she says, would elect to wear facial coverings, called a niqab or cadar, when appearing before a judge. Wearing a niqab is not especially common in Indonesia. Jones argues in her paper that women choosing to express their religion so outwardly was also an effort to appear more pious and ashamed of their actions (or more innocent) to judges and to the public.

Niqab in court

So, does it work? According to Jones, yes, along with other factors. The women in these cases who wore a niqab to court tended to get shorter prison sentences than others did. 鈥淭heir attorneys also did a really good job conveying that they are mothers, and their justification was to provide for their children,鈥� she says.

However, that doesn鈥檛 mean these women on trial were received the same way all over the world. When Anniesa Hasibuan, an internationally famous modest-fashion designer who was charged with fraud, took the stand in West Java, the coverage expanded to all over the world, including the United States.

The international coverage of Hasibuan鈥檚 trial called additional attention to her choice to wear a niqab. Some Indonesians who were following her case closely viewed her choice to cover her face much as some Americans might: as an attempt to foreclose transparency about her appearance and therefore her finances. Many Indonesians viewed her appearance as a sign of dishonesty rather than piety.

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探花视频 researcher Carla Jones finds that what Indonesian women wear in court can convey messages of piety and shame, or just the appearance of them.

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Anniesa Hasibuan (center) and her husband leave court in West Java, Indonesia. (Photo: Antara Foto/Reuters)

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